by Norton Tooby

      SAFE HAVENS was published in March, 2005 and is updated monthly on these pages.

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Summary Table of Contents
Click the sections listed below to view recent case law pertinent to each section respectively.
See the Detailed Table of Contents (pdf) to view all section headings for this book.

Chapter 1 : Introduction

§ 1.1	I. Introduction
§ 1.7	a. In Immigration Court

Chapter 3 : Evaluating a Safe Haven

§ 3.17	C. Sentence
§ 3.19	A. Criminal Record
§ 3.20	B. Immigration Record

Chapter 4 : Non-Conviction Dispositions

§ 4.4	IV. Alienage
§ 4.5	A. United States Citizens
§ 4.6	B. Nationals of the United States
§ 4.7	C. American Indians Born in Canada
§ 4.9	VI. Dispositions That Are Not Crimes
§ 4.10	A. Juvenile Delinquency Findings
§ 4.11	B. The Conviction Must Be for a Crime
§ 4.12	C. Foreign Convictions
§ 4.13	VII. Dispositions That Are Not Convictions
§ 4.14	A. Immigration Law Definition of Conviction
§ 4.17	D. Deferred Prosecution
§ 4.19	F. Deferred Sentence
§ 4.20	VIII. Convictions That Are Not Final
§ 4.21	A. Direct Appeal
§ 4.25	A. Judicial Recommendations Against Deportation
§ 4.26	B. Pardoned Offenses
§ 4.27	C. State Rehabilitative Relief
§ 4.28	D. Convictions Vacated as Legally Invalid
§ 4.29	E. Sentences Eliminated by Post-Conviction Relief
§ 4.30	X. Defective Convictions
§ 4.31	A. Convictions by Court Without Jurisdiction
§ 4.32	B. Convictions in Absentia
§ 4.34	XI. Convictions that Do Not Follow “Admission”
§ 4.35	XII. Foreign Convictions

Chapter 5 : Looking for a Safe Haven

§ 5.4	1. Special Considerations
§ 5.10	E. Verifying the Immigration Situation
§ 5.11	1. Filing FOIA Requests
§ 5.13	F. Verifying Exact Criminal History
§ 5.14	1. FBI Criminal History Report
§ 5.17	G. Obtaining Records from the Rendering Court
§ 5.25	B. Reasonable Doubts Favor the Noncitizen
§ 5.45	A. Sentence Imposed
§ 5.63	1. Sentence Enhancements

Chapter 6 : Constructing a Safe Disposition

§ 6.2	II. Negotiating a Safe Haven
§ 6.20	2. Procedure Where Statute is Divisible
§ 6.21	3. Limitation to Record of Conviction
§ 6.22	4. Irrelevance of the Facts
§ 6.23	B. Elements of Record of Conviction
§ 6.29	ii. No Contest Plea
§ 6.34	i. Factual Basis Stipulation
§ 6.40	b. Restitution

Chapter 7 : Partial Safe Havens

§ 7.2	II. Aggravated Felony Safe Havens
§ 7.3	A. Elements of the Aggravated Felony Deportation Ground
§ 7.4	1. Alienage
§ 7.5	2. Conviction
§ 7.6	3. After Admission
§ 7.7	4. Of a Substantive Offense, Attempt, or Conspiracy
§ 7.8	a. Accessory After the Fact
§ 7.9	b. Aiding and Abetting
§ 7.11	d. Misprision of a Felony
§ 7.12	e. Solicitation
§ 7.14	5. That Falls Within a Generic Aggravated Felony Category
§ 7.15	6. Foreign Conviction Date Requirement
§ 7.16	7. That is a Violation of Federal or State Law
§ 7.17	8. Parentheticals and “Related To” Language
§ 7.18	B. Aggravated Felony Sentences
§ 7.19	1. Aggravated Felonies Based on Felony Level of Offense
§ 7.21	b. Felony Requirement for Crimes of Violence Under 18 U.S.C. 16(b)
§ 7.22	c. Felony Requirement for Drug Trafficking Aggravated Felonies
§ 7.24	2. Offenses That Are Aggravated Felonies Only If 1 Year Is Imposed
§ 7.25	a. Definition of Sentence Imposed
§ 7.29	C. Safe Havens for Specific Aggravated Felony Offenses
§ 7.30	1. Accessory After the Fact
§ 7.31	2. Alien Harboring
§ 7.32	3. Alien Smuggling
§ 7.33	4. Alien Transporting
§ 7.34	5. Attempt
§ 7.37	8. Burglary
§ 7.38	9. Child Pornography
§ 7.39	10. Conspiracy
§ 7.40	11. Counterfeiting
§ 7.41	12. Crimes of Violence
§ 7.43	b. Sentence Imposed Requirement
§ 7.45	i. No Element of Force
§ 7.46	ii. No Listed Offense: Use, Threat, or Attempt
§ 7.47	iii. Insufficient Physical Force
§ 7.48	iv. Not Against Person or Property of Another
§ 7.49	v. Insufficient Intent Element
§ 7.50	vi. Political Offense Exception
§ 7.52	i. Conviction Not a Felony
§ 7.53	ii. Not by its Nature
§ 7.54	iii. No Substantial Risk
§ 7.58	vii. Not Use of Force
§ 7.59	viii. Insufficient Intent Element
§ 7.63	15. Document Fraud
§ 7.64	16. Drug Trafficking
§ 7.65	a. Elements of Both Prongs
§ 7.66	b. Felony Requirement Safe Haven
§ 7.67	c. Unidentified Drug Safe Haven
§ 7.68	d. No Commercial Element Safe Haven
§ 7.69	e. No Federal Analogue Safe Haven
§ 7.71	g. Other Safe Havens
§ 7.73	18. Failure To Appear in Court
§ 7.74	a. To Face Charges
§ 7.76	19. Firearms Offenses
§ 7.77	a. Firearms Trafficking
§ 7.78	b. Other Firearms Offenses
§ 7.79	20. Forgery
§ 7.80	21. Fraud
§ 7.81	a. Nature of the Offense
§ 7.82	b. Loss to the Victim(s)
§ 7.83	22. Illegal Re-Entry After Deportation
§ 7.84	23. Kidnapping
§ 7.85	24. Misprision of a Felony
§ 7.86	25. Money Laundering
§ 7.89	28. Obstruction of Justice
§ 7.91	30. Prostitution
§ 7.92	31. Rape
§ 7.96	35. Sexual Abuse of a Minor
§ 7.98	b. No Element of Abuse
§ 7.99	c. No Proof of Age
§ 7.100	36. Solicitation
§ 7.101	37. Statutory Rape
§ 7.102	38. Tax Evasion
§ 7.103	39. Theft
§ 7.105	III. Crime of Moral Turpitude Safe Havens
§ 7.107	B. Non-Substantive Offense Safe Havens
§ 7.108	C. Regulatory Offenses
§ 7.112	a. Strict Liability (i.e., No Criminal Intent)
§ 7.113	b. General Intent (to Commit an Act)
§ 7.114	c. Intent to Break the Law
§ 7.115	d. Negligence
§ 7.116	e. Gross Negligence
§ 7.117	f. Recklessness
§ 7.118	g. Willfulness/Knowledge
§ 7.120	i. Intent to Commit a Non-CMT
§ 7.121	ii. Intent To Temporarily Deprive
§ 7.122	iii. Malice
§ 7.126	1. Elements of Ground of Deportation
§ 7.127	2. Sentence Requirement
§ 7.130	3. Not Committed Within 5 (or 10) Years of Admission
§ 7.132	1. Elements of the Deportation Ground
§ 7.133	2. Single Scheme Exception
§ 7.134	3. Effect of Previous Grant of Relief
§ 7.139	1. Elements of the Deportation Ground
§ 7.141	3. Offense is Not a Substantive Offense, Attempt or Conspiracy
§ 7.142	4. Offense Is Not Relating To a Controlled Substance
§ 7.143	5. Drug is Not A Federally Listed Controlled Substance
§ 7.144	6. Personal Possession of 30 Grams of Marijuana
§ 7.145	7. Effective Rehabilitative Relief
§ 7.146	8. Other Safe Havens
§ 7.147	C. Domestic Violence Conviction Safe Havens
§ 7.150	3. Offense is Not a Listed Substantive Offense
§ 7.152	5. Conviction After Effective Date
§ 7.153	6. Crime of Violence Safe Havens
§ 7.154	a. Not a Listed Victim
§ 7.156	7. Stalking
§ 7.157	8. Child Abuse, Neglect or Abandonment
§ 7.158	D. Domestic Violence Protection Order Violation Court Finding
§ 7.159	1. Elements of Deportation Ground
§ 7.165	7. Violation of Wrong Portion of Protection Order
§ 7.168	1. Elements of Deportation Ground
§ 7.170	3. Offense is Not a Listed Offense
§ 7.172	a. Unidentified or Unlisted Weapon
§ 7.175	5. Sporting or Cultural Use Exception
§ 7.179	7. Other Safe Havens
§ 7.179A	G. Sex Offender Registration Violation
§ 7.183	C. False Claim to U.S. Citizenship Conduct
§ 7.189	I. Public Charge Conduct
§ 7.190	J. Smuggling — Alien Smuggling Conduct
§ 7.192	L. Unlawful Voting Conduct
§ 7.194	A. Conditional Permanent Residence Termination Conduct
§ 7.196	C. Inadmissibility at Adjustment of Status Conduct
§ 7.197	D. Inadmissibility at Entry Conduct
§ 7.198	E. Nonimmigrant Status Violation Conduct
§ 7.219	R. Terrorist Conduct

Chapter 8 : Safe Havens by Type of Crime

§ 8.2	A. Controlled Substances Offenses
§ 8.3	1. Drug Possession and Lesser Offenses
§ 8.5	3. Drug Trafficking Offenses
§ 8.6	4. Other Controlled Substances Offenses
§ 8.8	1. Abortion
§ 8.10	3. Assault and Battery
§ 8.11	4. Endangerment
§ 8.12	5. Kidnapping
§ 8.14	7. Manslaughter
§ 8.16	9. Robbery
§ 8.17	10. Stalking
§ 8.18	11. Threats
§ 8.19	12. Other Crimes Against the Person
§ 8.25	5. Escape
§ 8.26	6. Financial Crimes
§ 8.27	7. Fraud Against the Government
§ 8.31	11. Obstruction of Justice
§ 8.38	1. Burglary
§ 8.40	3. Extortion
§ 8.41	4. Fraud
§ 8.44	7. Property Damage or Destruction
§ 8.46	9. Theft Offenses
§ 8.48	11. Other Crimes Against Property
§ 8.49	E. False Statement Offenses
§ 8.50	1. False Statements
§ 8.51	2. Forgery
§ 8.54	F. Firearms, Explosives, Dangerous Weapon Offenses
§ 8.61	1. Driving Under the Influence
§ 8.62	2. Other Motor Vehicle Offenses
§ 8.63	I. Non-Substantive Offenses
§ 8.64	1. Aiding and Abetting
§ 8.65	2. Accessory After the Fact
§ 8.66	3. Attempt
§ 8.68	5. Misprision of a Felony
§ 8.69	6. Solicitation
§ 8.73	1. Child Abuse
§ 8.74	2. Domestic Violence
§ 8.77	1. Against Children
§ 8.82	6. Prostitution and Pandering
§ 8.83	7. Rape
§ 8.84	8. Sexual Assault
§ 8.85	9. Statutory Rape
§ 8.86	10. Other Sexual Offenses

Chapter 9 : Specific Safe Haven Offenses

§ 9.4	B. Possession of 30 Grams or Less of Marijuana or Hashish
§ 9.7	E. Convictions of Certain Minor First Offenses for which Rehabilitative Relief Is Granted or Possible
§ 9.10	H. Solicitation or Offer to Commit Drug Offenses
§ 9.11	I. Unauthorized Disposal of Hazardous Waste
§ 9.12	J. Other Controlled Substances Safe Havens
§ 9.14	A. Witness Dissuasion
§ 9.19	G. Other Domestic Violence or Sex Offense Safe Havens
§ 9.22	B. Other Firearms Safe Havens
§ 9.25	B. Other Fraud Safe Havens
§ 9.28	B. Other Immigration Safe Havens
§ 9.33	A. Burglary With Intent to Commit Unspecified Offense
§ 9.34	B. Burglary of an Automobile
§ 9.36	D. Delay of Mail
§ 9.37	E. Other Theft Safe Havens
§ 9.44	F. Unauthorized Computer Access
§ 9.46	H. Other White Collar Safe Havens
§ 9.47	X. Other Safe Havens

Appendices

Appendix A: Deportation Grounds Checklist

Appendix B: Miscellaneous Federal Deportable Convictions Checklist

Appendix C: Checklist of Federal Drug Offenses

Appendix D: Checklist of Federal Aggravated Felony Firearms Offenses

Appendix E: Aggravated Felony Alphabetical Quick Checklist

Appendix F: Basic Immigration Status Questionnaire

Appendix G: Inadmissibility Grounds Checklist Related to Crimes

Appendix H: Non-Substantive Offenses